@article {972,
	title = {Causal Discrimination Discovery Through Propensity Score Analysis},
	journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:1608.03735},
	year = {2016},
	abstract = {Social discrimination is considered illegal and unethical in the modern world. Such discrimination is often implicit in observed decisions{\textquoteright} datasets, and anti-discrimination organizations seek to discover cases of discrimination and to understand the reasons behind them. Previous work in this direction adopted simple observational data analysis; however, this can produce biased results due to the effect of confounding variables. In this paper, we propose a causal discrimination discovery and understanding approach based on propensity score analysis. The propensity score is an effective statistical tool for filtering out the effect of confounding variables. We employ propensity score weighting to balance the distribution of individuals from protected and unprotected groups w.r.t. the confounding variables. For each individual in the dataset, we quantify its causal discrimination or favoritism with a neighborhood-based measure calculated on the balanced distributions. Subsequently, the causal discrimination/favoritism patterns are understood by learning a regression tree. Our approach avoids common pitfalls in observational data analysis and make its results legally admissible. We demonstrate the results of our approach on two discrimination datasets.},
	url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1608.03735},
	author = {Qureshi, Bilal and Kamiran, Faisal and Karim, Asim and Salvatore Ruggieri}
}
